11 Fascinating Facts About the Smithsonian’s Collections

With 21 museums and a zoo spread along the East Coast, the Smithsonian Institution has become the country’s richest repository of American history. From culture to science, animals to space exploration, the federally backed archive has spent nearly 200 years preserving and educating. Check out some facts on its history and how the founder eventually became part of the collection.

The Smithsonian’s founder never set foot in the U.S.

Wealthy British globe-trotter James Smithson (1765-1829) had amassed an estate worth roughly $500,000 at the time of his death and ordered that all of his assets be inherited by his nephew, Henry James Dickinson. There was one twist: The estate was to be turned over to the United States in the event Dickinson died without an heir of his own so the country could build a hub for the “increase and diffusion of knowledge.” Dickinson, then 18, died just six years later, and so President James K. Polk signed the act approving the Smithsonian Institution into law in 1846. Curiously, Smithson had never even visited the U.S. Why leave such a legacy to a foreign nation? Smithson never commented on his decision, leaving people to guess that it was either because he was impressed by democracy or because he wanted to enrich a country that, at the time, had only a few educational hubs.

No one was really sure what Smithson intended.

“Increase and diffusion of knowledge” can be interpreted pretty broadly, and it took the United States a long time—roughly 10 years—before anyone could agree on what to do with Smithson’s gift. Educators, politicians, and civilians all had notions of how to spend his fortune, including opening a university, a library, or an observatory. Ultimately, the Smithsonian Institution was a compromise, involving many of these ideas. By 1855, construction on the main building—called the Castle today— was complete on the National Mall in Washington; it was designated the National Museum in 1858 [PDF].

Smithsonian curators hid their collections from Axis Powers.

At the height of U.S. involvement in World War II, museum curators knew that Axis forces would have designs on destroying the vibrant culture housed at the museum’s main location on the National Mall. To protect these irreplaceable items, the Smithsonian arranged to have them shipped to an undisclosed location—now known to be near Luray, Virginia—and stored in a climate-controlled warehouse. They didn’t return until 1944.

Smokey Bear lived at the National Zoo.

Yes, that Smokey Bear. (And there’s no the in his name.) In 1950, a bear cub that survived a raging forest fire in Capitan, New Mexico, was adopted by the U.S. Forest Service and named Smokey after the popular ad campaign mascot of the era. As a living symbol of the effort, he spent his remaining 26 years at the National Zoo, a constant recipient of visitor attention and hundreds of jars of honey.

The Smithsonian displays just 1 percent of its collection at any given time.

To execute Smithson’s mission, the Smithsonian has had to morph into the greatest practitioner of hoarding the world has ever seen. All told, the institution’s various artifacts, specimens, and other arcana is believed to number in the neighborhood of 137 million objects, with an official museum estimate of 154 million. Just 1 percent of that is available for viewing at a time.

7. An exhibit on the nuclear bomb stirred controversy.

For a planned exhibit of the Enola Gay, the plane that dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima during World War II, museum organizers drew criticism in 1994 for presenting material that some veterans groups and members of Congress felt was politically charged. The museum agreed to omit text near the display that some felt dwelled on the horrific effects of the bomb, as well as references estimating the U.S. and Axis casualties that might have been suffered if the bomb had not been deployed.

One of the least likely items in the Smithsonian’s collection is a crappy video game.

Amid many internet lists of strange Smithsonian catalog items—taxidermied animals, beards, and other miscellanea—nothing seems more incongruous than the 2014 inclusion of a 1982 Atari video game based on E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, renowned for being produced quickly and for helping to fuel the video game crash of the early 1980s. A bunch of the cartridges had been buried in a New Mexico landfill and only recently found. One went into the museum's archives.

It turned down Jimmy Durante’s nose.

In the 1950s, actor and comedian Jimmy Durante was easily identified by his bulbous nose, a three-inch-long (from bridge to tip) feature that led to his nickname, “the Great Schnozzola.” Sensing a publicity opportunity, Durante’s management arranged for a makeup artist to create a plaster cast of Durante’s nose and offer it up to the Smithsonian as a piece of Americana. Frank Setzler, the museum’s head of anthropology, was unimpressed. “Heavens, no,” he was quoted as saying. “Who would want that? The only place we could use it would be in the elephant display.”

A new-to-science species of dolphin was lurking in the Smithsonion’s inventory.

With so many specimens in its vast storage units, the Smithsonian almost certainly harbors secrets that can surprise even scientists. In 2016, two researchers in search of fossilized marine mammals stumbled across the skull of a 25-million-year-old river dolphin they named Arktocara yakataga. Said to have been found in Alaska, the dolphin may have dwelled in the Arctic. It was estimated that the skull—plucked from obscurity because one of the researchers found it “cute”—sat on the shelf for 50 years before being identified.

The Smithsonian is committed to preserving Dorothy’s slippers.

Possibly the most iconic pair of footwear in pop culture, Dorothy’s ruby slippers from the 1939 film adaptation of The Wizard of Oz have become a Smithsonian trademark. The institution successfully raised over $300,000 on Kickstarter to build a state-of-the-art preservation case to protect the kicks from deterioration. While star Judy Garland wore several pairs during filming and the Smithsonian’s are mismatched, it’s clear that visitors want to keep them in condition for any future travels along the yellow brick road.

Smithson eventually became part of the collection.

In 1904, some 75 years after his death in Italy, Smithson’s remains were about to be disturbed. U.S. Smithsonian officials were alerted that his grave site would be displaced because of a nearby stone quarry expansion. The institution took the opportunity to have his casket shipped to America so he could be interred at the site of his legacy—the Smithsonian itself. Escorted by Alexander Graham Bell, the casket traveled 14 days by sea. The body was entombed and topped off by a marker in the Smithsonian, where it remains viewable by the general public.

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A version of this story was published in 2017; it has been updated for 2024.