21 Alternative Words for ‘Fool’ (And Their Origins)

This April 1, you may find yourself gleefully shouting “April fools!” after successfully pranking someone. But why limit yourself to just one word? English has a rich vocabulary for oafs, dolts, bumpkins, schnooks, and goofs—and their origins, whether confirmed or conjectured, are just as colorful. If you’re looking to spice up your vocabulary this April Fools’ Day, here are 21 words to use instead of fool.

1. Oaf
2. Dolt
3. Sap
4. Boob
5. Lubber
6. Buffoon
7. Bozo
8. Bumpkin
9. Rube
10. Hick
11. Yokel
12. Kook
13. Doofus
14. Goofus
15. Schlub
16. Schmo and Schmuck
17. Schnook
18. Klutz
19. Nincompoop
20. Nimrod

Oaf

The word oaf, first recorded in the early 1600s, originally referred to an ugly child that elves left behind to replace one they’d carried off, as Merriam Webster explains. Derived from a Scandinavian word, oaf evolved from “changeling” to “stupid or clumsy person.”

Dolt

A dolt is a “dull person”—quite literally so. It’s first found in the form doltish in the 1540s and appears to be related to dull and dold (“stupid, inert”), an obsolete past participial form of the verb to dull that might also be responsible for doldrum.

Sap

Sap, meaning “gullible person,” may have been shortened in the early 1800s from sapskull, or someone whose head is like sapwood, the soft, sap-conducting wood between a tree’s bark and the hard, inner timber.

Boob

It seems American English created the shorter boob in the early 1900s from the much older booby (1600), which the great English lexicographer Samuel Johnson defined as a “dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a lubber.” While the ultimate origin of the word is unclear, there are several theories. A leading one takes boob back to the Spanish bobo, “fool,” also used of seabirds (hence the blue-footed booby). Bobo, in turn, may come from the Latin balbus, meaning “stammering.”

Lubber

Speaking of lubber, this old-fashioned insult for a “big, clumsy fellow” goes all the way back to the 14th century. It might be from an even older Scandinavian-based lobi, “lazy lout,” or the French lobeor, “swindler, parasite.” Lubbers first mocked idle monks, so-called abbey-lubbers, before ridiculing inept sailors as landlubbers.

Buffoon

In the late 16th century, a buffoon was a professional clown. The word ultimately comes from the Italian buffare, “to puff the cheeks”—a comic gesture—which became buffa (“a jest”) and then buffone (“jester”).

Bozo

One of the most famous clowns in American culture was Bozo the Clown. The name Bozo may owe its rise to early 20th-century vaudeville acts, as word researcher Peter Reitan argues, but as for the origin of bozo itself? There are many theories. One suggests that bozo comes from the Spanish bozal, a pejorative term used for enslaved people who couldn’t speak Spanish well.

Bumpkin

This word for a “rustic rube” first insulted Dutchmen as short, stumpy people. The word might be from the Dutch boomken, “little tree,” or bommekijn, “little barrel,” which resemble stumps.

Rube

Rube comes from a shortened form of Reuben, a biblical name commonly found among those who lived in the countryside. The derogatory Reuben is found in print in 1855; rube, in 1891.

Hick

Similar to Reuben/rube is hick, another derogatory term for a “provincial country person” that comes from a pet form of the name Richard. While hick is primarily found in American English today, it’s found in the written record as early as 1565. A 1702 use in Irishman Richard Steele’s comedy The Funeral makes the meaning of hick quite clear: “Richard Bumpkin! Ha! a perfect Country Hick.”

Yokel

The Simpsons’ “Cletus the Slack-jawed Yokel” may have originally been a Reuben, which is to say he was a Richard, which is to say he was a … Jacob? The origin of yokel, first attested in the 1810s, is unclear, but one suggestion is that it’s borrowed from the German Jokel, a disparaging diminutive of Jakob, used as a stereotypical name for a farmer.

Kook

Kook, meaning “one whose ideas or actions are eccentric, fantastic, or insane,” is first found in American English slang in 1960. It’s apparently shortened from kooky, which was first attested just a year before. Kooks are considered a bit cuckoo, which may well be the source of the word.

Doofus

Doofus also first emerges in the record in the 1960s. It could be a variant of goofus and playing with the doo in doo-doo or doodad. It might also be connected to doof, a Scottish term for a dullard.

Goofus

As for goofus, it’s first found in the 1910s as a humorous surname: The OED cites “Daniel Goofus” and “Joe Goofus” in 1916 and 1917, respectively. Goof is recorded around the same time. It may be altered from the Early Modern English goff, via French goffe (“awkward, stupid”) or Old English gegaf (“buffoonery”). Gaff and gaffe may have further influenced goofus/goof.

Schlub

We get schlub from the Yiddish zhlob, and Yiddish got it from the Polish word żłób, which means “blockhead.”

Schmo and Schmuck

Schmo, or “jerk,” is probably a euphemistic form of schmuck, an “irritating person.” The word literally means “penis” in Yiddish and may come from the Polish word shmuk, “grass snake.”

Schnook

Yiddish might also give us schnook, meaning “a naive person; a dope.” Some believe schnook comes from the Yiddish shnuk, “an elephant’s trunk,” although the connection between a long snout and a simpleton is unclear.

Klutz

Klutz is another Yiddish contribution to English’s lexicon of lambasting. This word for a clumsy person goes back to the German word kloz, meaning “lump, block.”

Nincompoop

While Samuel Johnson famously derived this fanciful term for a fool from the Latin non compos mentis (“not of sound mind”), its origin remains a mystery. Early records from late 17th century suggest nincompoop could come from a surname. Philologist Ernest Weekly takes up this suggestion, proposing nincompoop could come from the French Nicodemus, a name used for “fool,” joined with a Dutch-derived poop, also used for “fool.”

Nimrod

The origin of nimrod is another great mystery of English’s tomfoolery. Biblically, Nimrod, the great grandson of Noah, was a mighty hunter. At World Wide Words, etymologist Michael Quinion finds nimrod was used neutrally for hunters in the U.S. in the early 1900s. It then shifted to an insult for incompetent shooters in the 1930s, which may help explain why Bugs Bunny ribbed Elmer Fudd as a “poor little Nimrod.” By the 1980s, nimrod lost its hunting associations, and was used in student slang for a sad sack.

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A version of this story ran in 2017; it has been updated for 2025.