What Causes Brain Freeze?

You may know brain freeze by one of its other names: an ice cream headache, a cold-stimulus headache, or sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia, but no matter what you call it, it hurts like hell.

Brain freeze is brought on by the speedy consumption of cold beverages or food. Ice cream is a very common cause of head pain, with about one third of a randomly selected population succumbing to ice cream headaches.

1. What causes ice cream headaches?
2. Tips for Preventing Brain Freeze

What causes ice cream headaches?

As far back as the late 1960s, researchers pinned the blame on the same vascular mechanisms—rapid constriction and dilation of blood vessels—that were responsible for the aura and pulsatile pain phases of migraine headaches.

When something cold like ice cream touches the roof of your mouth, there is a rapid cooling of the blood vessels there, causing them to constrict. When the blood vessels warm up again, they experience rebound dilation. The dilation is sensed by pain receptors and pain signals are sent to the brain via the trigeminal nerve. This nerve (also known as the fifth cranial nerve, the fifth nerve, or just V) is responsible for sensation in the face, so when the pain signals are received, the brain often interprets them as coming from the forehead and we perceive a headache.

With brain freeze, we're perceiving pain in an area of the body that’s at a distance from the site of the actual injury or reception of painful stimulus. This is a quirk of the body called “referred pain,” and it's the reason people often feel pain in their neck, shoulders, and/or back instead of their chest during a heart attack.

Tips for Preventing Brain Freeze

Brain freeze is harmless, but you probably want to avoid the pain if you can. Here are a few hacks:

• Slow down. Eating or drinking cold things slowly allows your mouth to get used to the temperature.

• Hold cold food or drink in the front part of your mouth and allow it to warm up before you swallow it.

• Avoid hot rooms and climates. Brain freeze requires a warm ambient temperature to occur, so it's almost impossible for it to happen if you’re already cold.

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A version of this story was published in 2009; it has been updated for 2025.